What Exactly Are Proteins and That Are Essential

In this video I discuss what are amino acids, what are amino acids made of, and what do amino acids do in the body. I also cover what are peptide bonds, polypeptide chains, how amino acids form proteins, some functions of amino acids, and what are amino acids used to build..
Transcript.
We are going to start by looking at the molecular structure of a typical amino acid, don’t worry, I am going to make it easy to understand. The basic structure of amino acids is that they consist of a carboxyl group, a lone hydrogen atom, an amino group, and a side chain, which is often referred to as an R-group. The formation of the side chain is what makes amino acids different from one another..
As you can see in this diagram, these 4 are all connected to a carbon atom, which is referred to as the alpha carbon. Not every amino acid follows this exact structure, but, most do..
On the screen I have 3 different amino acids, lysine, tryptophan, and leucine. You can see that each has a carboxyl group, an alpha carbon, a amino group, and an R-group that is different from each other..
There are 23 total amino acids that are proteinogenic. Proteinogenic amino acids are precursors to proteins, which means they are compounds that participate in a chemical reaction to produce another compound..
Of these 23 amino acids, 20 of them are called standard amino acids, and the other 3 are non-standard amino acids. These are listed on the screen. In this video we are going to focus on the standard amino acids, as they are what make up proteins..
These amino acids can be classified many different ways, we are going to classify them in a basic nutritional way. Essential and nonessential. Essential amino acids cannot be made by the body, so, they must come from foods we eat..
Nonessential amino acids are amino acids that our bodies can produce even if we don’t get them from the food we eat. There is a subgroup of nonessential amino acids that are considered to be conditional amino acids. The list of conditional amino acids is not definitive..
For instance, in times of illness or stress, there are certain amino acids the body cant produce sufficiently, and children’s bodys haven’t developed the ability to produce certain amino acids yet..
There are 9 essential and 11 nonessential amino acids, ive listed them on the screen..
So, how do amino acids form proteins?
Proteins are built from the 20 standard amino acids..
Well, the first thing that happens is that 2 amino acids come together to form a peptide bond. A peptide bond is when the carboxyl group of one amino acid bonds with the amino group of another amino acid, as you can see here..
If you notice 2 hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom have been removed from the peptide bonding process. So, the peptide bonding results in the release of a water molecule…h20..
But, we are not finished. More amino acids can link in, and form what is called a polypeptide chain. Some proteins are single polypeptide chains, and other proteins have polypeptide chains linked together. Not all protein contains all 20 of the standard amino acids..
Not all protein contains all 20 of the standard amino acids. Proteins are often labeled as complete or incomplete protein. A Complete protein is a protein source that contains a sufficient quantity of all 9 of the essential amino acids that we discussed earlier. An incomplete protein does not contain a sufficient quantity of all 9 of the essential amino acids..
Complete protein foods include…animal foods such as red meat, poultry, pork and fish. Eggs and dairy products such as cows milk, yogurt, and cheese. Plant foods such as soy products, black beans, kidney beans, pumpkin seeds, quinoa, pistachios, just to name a few. You can also combine incomplete protein foods to create a complete protein meal..
Amino acids also make up most enzymes. These Enzymes are proteins, so they are made by linking amino acids together in a specific and unique order. This chain of amino acids then forms a unique shape that allows the enzyme created to serve a single specific purpose. Enzymes function as catalysts, which means that they speed up the rate at which metabolic processed and reactions occur..
Amino acids can also be metabolized for energy. Some hormones like epinephrine, also known as adrenaline, are amino acid derived. Some neurotransmitters like serotonin are derived from amino acids. The amino acid arginine is a precursor of nitric oxide, which helps regulate blood pressure, improves sleep quality and increases endurance and strength..
Glutathione, which is a powerful antioxidant is formed from amino acids..
Other sources….
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid.
http://www.fitday.com/fitness-articles/nutrition/proteins/incomplete-vs-complete-proteins.html.
http://www.ivyroses.com/HumanBiology/Nutrition/Amino_Acids.php

Learn 20 amino acids in different categories (hydrophobic/hydrophilic/polar/non polar/alocoholic/amide/sulphur amino acids)and the essential amino acids in a very simple and easy way. The 20 amino acids are:
Valine.
Isoleucine.
Proline.
Glycine.
Alanine.
Leucine.
Phenylalanine.
Tryptophan.
Tyrosine.
Histidine.
Arginine.
Lysine.
Glutamate.
Aspartate.
Cysteine.
Threonine.
Methionine.
Glutamine.
Asparagine.
In addition to your regular semester exams, this mnemonic is very helpful in pre-medical entrance exams like MCAT, NEET etc. and medical PG exams like USMLE, PLAB. AMC, NEET PG,etc. because it helps you to solve the multiple-choice questions on amino acids in less than 30 seconds..
Link to quick knowledge check quiz:
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Essential Amino Acids Easiest way to remember…
Amino acids are organic compounds that combine to form proteins. Amino acids and proteins are the building blocks of life..
When proteins are digested or broken down, amino acids are left. The human body uses amino acids to make proteins to help the body:
Break down food.
Grow.
Repair body tissue.
Perform many other body functions.
Amino acids can also be used as a source of energy by the body..
Amino acids are classified into three groups:
Essential amino acids.
Nonessential amino acids.
Conditional amino acids.
ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS.
Essential amino acids cannot be made by the body. As a result, they must come from food..
The 9 essential amino acids are: histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, threonine, tryptophan, and valine..
NONESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS.
Nonessential means that our bodies produce an amino acid, even if we do not get it from the food we eat..
Nonessential amino acids include: alanine, asparagine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid..
CONDITIONAL AMINO ACIDS.
Conditional amino acids are usually not essential, except in times of illness and stress..
Conditional amino acids include: arginine, cysteine, glutamine, tyrosine, glycine, ornithine, proline, and serine..
You do not need to eat essential and nonessential amino acids at every meal, but getting a balance of them over the whole day is important. A diet based on a single plant item will not be adequate, but we no longer worry about pairing proteins (such as beans with rice) at a single meal. Instead we look at the adequacy of the diet overall throughout the day..
Effects of Deficiency
If one of the essential amino acids is less than needed for an individual the utilization of other amino acids will be hindered and thus protein synthesis will be less than what it usually is, even in the presence of adequate total nitrogen intake..
Protein deficiency has been shown to affect all of the body’s organs and many of its systems, including the brain and brain function of infants and young children; the immune system, thus elevating risk of infection; gut mucosal function and permeability, which affects absorption and vulnerability to systemic disease; and kidney function. The physical signs of protein deficiency include edema, failure to thrive in infants and children, poor musculature, dull skin, and thin and fragile hair. Biochemical changes reflecting protein deficiency include low serum albumin and low serum transferrin..
The amino acids that are essential in the human diet were established in a series of experiments led by William Cumming Rose. The experiments involved elemental diets to healthy male graduate students. These diets consisted of cornstarch, sucrose, butterfat without protein, corn oil, inorganic salts, the known vitamins, a large brown “candy” made of liver extract flavored with peppermint oil (to supply any unknown vitamins), and mixtures of highly purified individual amino acids. The main outcome measure was nitrogen balance. Rose noted that the symptoms of nervousness, exhaustion, and dizziness were encountered to a greater or lesser extent whenever human subjects were deprived of an essential amino acid..
Essential amino acid deficiency should be distinguished from protein-energy malnutrition, which can manifest as marasmus or kwashiorkor. Kwashiorkor was once attributed to pure protein deficiency in individuals who were consuming enough calories (“sugar baby syndrome”). However, this theory has been challenged by the finding that there is no difference in the diets of children developing marasmus as opposed to kwashiorkor. Still, for instance in Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) maintained by the USDA, lack of one or more of the essential amino acids is described as protein-energy malnutrition.

This video “Amino Acid Metabolism: Introduction” is part of the Lecturio course “Biochemistry” ► WATCH the complete course on http://lectur.io/aminoacid.
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Structure of Amino Acids.
Synthesis Pathways.
Essential and Non-essential Amino Acids.
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This video will cover the 10 essential amino acids and a way to remember them!

In this video I discuss the basics of what are complete proteins and incomplete proteins, and what essential and non essential amino acids are. I also discuss what are standard amino acids in the amino acids list, and some of the functions of proteins..
Transcript (partial with notes)..
Amino acids are molecules that make up proteins. Protein consumption is important because protein has many functions in the body, such as being used to make enzymes, hormones, build and maintain tissues, construct transport proteins, which transport fats throughout the body, and make antibodies, which help neutralize some bacteria and viruses in the body..
There are 20 different standard amino acids that your body requires for healthy function. These amino acids are often classified as essential and non-essential amino acids..
Nonessential amino acids are amino acids that our bodies can produce even if we don’t get them from the food we eat..
There are 11 non essential amino acids. Essential amino acids cannot be made by the body, so, they must come from foods we eat. There are 9 essential amino acids..
So, when we eat foods that contain protein, in essence we are eating amino acids, however, not all protein contains all 20 of the standard amino acids.. Protein is often classified as complete or incomplete protein..
A Complete protein is a protein source that contains a sufficient quantity of all 9 of the essential amino acids. An incomplete protein does not contain a sufficient quantity of all 9 of the essential amino acids.
Complete protein foods include…animal foods such as red meat, poultry, pork and fish. Eggs and dairy products such as cow’s milk, yogurt, and cheese..
Plant foods such as soy products, black beans, kidney beans, pumpkin seeds, quinoa, pistachios, just to name a few. You can also combine incomplete protein foods to create a complete protein meal, or to get the essential amino acids throughout the day..
And that is the basics on essential and non-essential amino acids and complete and incomplete proteins.

In this video we talk Amino Acids and protein digestion. How does your stomach handle the digestion of protein? Find out in todays video..
How many amino acids are there? You can find out the breakdown of both essential and non essential in this video!
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