Sports Diet for Endurance Exercise

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ECSS Prague 2019.
The 24th Annual Congress of the European College of Sport Science will take place in Prague between 3rd and 6th July 2019. It will host some of the world’s leading sports scientist who will continue to share their latest research and findings from across the academic and applied fields..
Find out more at the ECSS 2019 website: http://bit.ly/ECSSPrague2019.
How to register: http://bit.ly/ECSSreg.
View the programme at: bit.ly/ECSSprog.
************.
23rd annual ECSS Congress Dublin/Ireland, July 4-7 2018.
Nutritional strategies to enhance mitochondrial adaptation to endurance exercise.
Author: Philp, A..
Garvan Institute of Medical Research.
Abstract:
Endurance exercise, when performed regularly as part of a training program, leads to increases in whole-body and skeletal.
muscle-specific oxidative capacity. The increase in mitochondrial biogenesis (increased volume and functional capacity) following.
endurance training is fundamentally important as it leads to greater rates of oxidative phosphorylation and an improved capacity to utilize fatty acids during sub-maximal exercise. Given the importance of mitochondrial biogenesis for skeletal muscle performance, considerable attention has been given to understanding the molecular cues stimulated by endurance exercise and the role that alterations in nutritional status may play in augmenting this adaptive response. In this session, I will discuss a variety of exercise and nutritional approaches used to augment mitochondrial adaption to exercise, examine proposed modes of action and finally discuss the.
feasibility of such approaches to alter mitochondrial adaptation to endurance training in humans.

Invited Session “Ultra endurance exercise; physiological limitations and performance”.
Factors determining ultra-endurance exercise performance.
Mattsson, C.M..
Åstrand Laboratory of Work Physiology, The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences.
Introduction.
This talk will focus on the major nutritional and physiological factors that influence ultra-endurance exercise performance in both.
recreational and elite athletes..
Empirical observations show that athletes who have been engaged in ultra-endurance sports for several years have a large.
advantage compared to novices in the sport. It depends of course in part on the fact that they are more experienced, but even.
athletes from traditional endurance sports with a documented higher aerobic capacity (i.e., higher VO2max) have difficulties to keep.
up with ultra-endurance specialists when exercise duration exceeds three or four hours. This indicates that fatigue and performance in.
ultra-endurance exercise is determined by (in part) other factors compared to traditional endurance sports..
Ultra-endurance sports vary in form and duration, such as running or adventure racing (AR) from 6 h to more than 6 days, but are no.
matter the nature of the specific competition still in many aspects extreme sports..
The athletes do not generally need to perform at high maximum speeds, but the energy expenditure is extremely high. The total.
energy expenditure for a 24-h AR is approximately 18-20 000 kcal, which is almost 10 times more than normal basal metabolism.
(Enqvist et al. 2010). One reason for fatigue is that the energy deficit is substantial, also the profile of amino acids in blood and.
muscle change during races (Borgenvik et al. 2012), indicating that specific supplementations may be needed..
As for the physiological factors, our research group and collaborators have investigated many aspects of the versatile physiological.
adaptation to ultra-endurance exercise, such as circulatory adaptations and cardiac fatigue (Mattsson 2011, Mattsson et al. 2010,.
2011) muscular damage (Wichardt et al 2011, Marklund et al 2013), hormonal status (Berg et al 2008), and immunological response.
(Wallberg et al 2011), which all in various ways can contribute to fatigue and decreased performance..
The effect of sleep deprivation on both mental and physiological functions during the races must also be included in the total complex.
of factors limitating performance..
References.
Berg U et al. (2008). Scand J Med Sci Sports 18:706-14.
Borgenvik M et al. (2012). Eur J Appl Physiol, 112:3679-3688.
Enqvist JK et al. (2010). J Sports Sci 28:947-955.
Marklund P et al. (2013). J Appl Physiol, 114:66-72.
Mattsson CM. (2011) Physiology of Adventure Racing, 1-59. Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm..
Mattsson CM et al. (2010). Scand J Med Sci Sports, 20:298-304.
Mattsson CM et al. (2011) Med Sci Sports Exerc, 43:1162-1168.
Wallberg L et al. (2011). Eur J Appl Physiol 111:1081-1088.
Wichardt E et al. (2011). Eur J Appl Physiol 111:1541-1544

Good nutrition is an important aspect to athletic training. There’s no substitute or supplement for a balanced diet, as Kacie Vavrek, MS, RN, LD, explains..
Vavrek is part of The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center’s Nutrition Services department, which provides clinical nutrition services, nutrition assessment, counseling, patient dining, catering and retail dining at multiple locations..
Our dietitians can help you with weight management and weight loss. Referrals and appointments are scheduled at 614-293-4333..
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INVITED SESSION: (IS-PM05) High-carbohydrate or high-fat diets for optimizing training adaptation and performance? [Applied track].
Date: 03.07.2019.
Lecture room: Congress Hall.
Time: 14:00 15:30.
Chair(s): JØRN WULFF HELGE UNIVERSITY OF COPENHAGEN / DENMARK.
Speakers:
1. TRAINING-DIET INTERACTIONS TO OPTIMIZE SKELETAL MUSCLE ADAPTATION.
HAWLEY, J. / AUSTRALIA.
ABSTRACT:
Traditional nutritional approaches to endurance training have typically promoted high carbohydrate (CHO) availability before, during and after training sessions to ensure adequate muscle substrate to meet the demands of daily training. However, during the past decade, data from several laboratories have demonstrated that deliberately training in conditions of reduced CHO availability can promote training-induced adaptations of human skeletal muscle (i.e. increased maximal mitochondrial enzyme activities and/or mitochondrial content, increased rates of lipid oxidation and, in some instances, improved exercise capacity). Indeed, there has been widespread interest from athletes, coaches and sport scientists regarding the potential benefits of high-fat, lowcarbohydrate diets when training for and competing in endurance events lasting up to 3 h. Despite this renewed interest in high-fat, low-CHO diets for endurance sport, fat-rich diets do not improve training capacity or performance, but directly impair rates of muscle glycogenolysis and energy flux, limiting high-intensity ATP production. When highly trained athletes compete in endurance events lasting up to 3 h, CHO-, not fat-based fuels are the predominant fuel for the working muscles and CHO, not fat, availability becomes rate limiting for performance..
2. MAXIMIZING FAT OXIDATION: HELP OR HINDRANCE TO ADAPTATION & PERFORMANCE?
HELGE, J. / DENMARK.
ABSTRACT:
Endurance training promotes an upward and rightward shift of the fat oxidation during exercise across increasing relative exercise intensities and this is generally believed to potentiate endurance performance of longer duration, through a decreased muscle glycogen utilization. In line with this major focus has over the last decade been specifically directed towards measuring maximal fat oxidation and how this is linked to endurance performance. In one study we found a direct independent association, albeit not very strong, between ironman triathlon performance and maximal fat oxidation (1). Although the evidence is somewhat limited, one part of this talk will focus on the role of maximal fat oxidation for endurance performance..
Recent years has seen a renewed interest in diet and exercise manipulations and in particular high fat and/or ketogenic diets that are directed towards maximising fat oxidation and thus hypothetically optimises substrate utilization. Interestingly, we observed an attenuated maximal fat oxidation after 14 days extreme prolonged cycle exercise in well trained, albeit somewhat older, men (2). Although there is not an overwhelming number of studies, the second part of this talk will based on these studies focus on how adaptation to training and/or diet affects maximal fat oxidation..
3. ADAPTATION TO HIGH FAT DIETS AND ENDURANCE PERFORMANCE IN ELITE ATHLETES.
BURKE, L. / AUSTRALIA.
ABSTRACT:
This talk will focus on evidence supporting or disputing the effects of strategies to adapt to high fat diets on the performance of elite endurance athletes. Although it is difficult to undertake controlled studies on elite athletes to investigate all the testimonials or hypotheses around different protocols, this presentation will examine the available data on performance, movement economy, metabolism and health. The suitability of these protocols will be examined in the context of various types of endurance events and endurance athletes. Furthermoe, other issues relating to the health and training capacity of endurance athletes will be explored.

Invited Session at ECSS MetropolisRuhr 2017 “Strategies for Optimizing Elite Endurance Exercise Performance”.
Nutritional Strategies for Optimizing Elite Endurance Exercise Performance.
Jeukendrup, A. E..
Loughborough University.
Especially in endurance sport nutrition has been shown to be an important factor. Nutrition plays an important role in performance during an event, the recovery from exercise and the adaptation long term..
It has been known since the 1960s that muscle glycogen plays an important role and as such strategies to start exercise with high glycogen stores have received a lot of attention. Also carbohydrate and fluid intake during exercise have been shown to have ergogenic effects by preventing drops in carbohydrate oxidation, blood glucose concentrations and dehydration. There are guidelines that give advice based on the duration of exercise and based on the daily training volume. There is no distinction between the guidelines for men and women, for trained and untrained athletes and for young and older athletes. Partly this is because most research is done in young men who are by no means elite athletes (and also do not represent the recreational end of the spectrum of athletes). Partly, however, this is based on a limited number of studies that show no difference in carbohydrate delivery in trained and untrained, men and women. In some events gut function (delivery of fluids and carbohydrate) is critical and therefore “training the gut” is an often recommended strategy..
The gut is an extremely plastic organ that can adapt relatively quickly to different stimuli (dietary changes). There are a number of other ergogenic aids that are often used by athletes. Caffeine is the one with the most evidence. Even relatively low doses (3 mg/kg) of caffeine seem to have effects on endurance performance. Other supplements like nitrates (beet root juice), bicarbonate and beta-alanine have much less evidence, especially in very well trained athletes..
Recovery is an important factor especially with repeated days of hard training and competition. In this phase, replenishing carbohydrates and fluids are the main factors. Protein is often consumed by athletes but evidence that this affects short term recovery is scarce. The effects of protein are believed to be longer term effects where we refer to “recovery” as training adaptation. It is also believed that some measures to speed up short term recovery could actually harm long training adaptation. Therefore, the goals of nutrition interventions must be very clear. Sound nutrition planning for athletes involves a strategy and a planned approach. This is often referred to as periodized nutritrion, a long term plan is created that takes into account both short term and long term goals, with the ultimate goal to optimise the athlete’s performance.

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