Advantages of Phosphocreatine in Athletics

(IS-PM13) Dietary nitrate and hypoxia.
Date: 06.07.2019.
Lecture room: Congress Hall.
Time: 11:30 13:00.
Chair(s): SIMONE PORCELLI NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL / ITALY.
Speakers:
1. DIETARY NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION IN HYPOXIA: SKELETAL MUSCLE OXYGENATION AND ENERGETICS.
VANHATALO, A. / UNITED KINGDOM.
ABSTRACT:
Hypoxia is associated with a reduction in the maximal oxidative metabolic rate of skeletal muscle which is reflected in a slowing of muscle phosphocreatine (PCr) recovery kinetics following exercise. For the same metabolic rate, there is a greater muscle metabolic perturbation during exercise performed in hypoxia compared to normoxia. Nitric oxide (NO) is a key signalling molecule for hypoxic vasodilatation and it also modulates mitochondrial O2 consumption. Dietary nitrate intake, which increases NO bioavailability, might therefore improve O2 delivery to active muscle and/or reduce O2 demand during hypoxic exercise. Indeed, it has been shown that nitrate supplementation lessens muscle metabolic perturbation during high-intensity exercise and considerably enhances exercise tolerance in moderate normobaric hypoxia. Nitrate supplementation has also been shown to abolish the reduction in the rate of PCr recovery which is typically observed in hypoxia, indicative of enhanced muscle oxygenation and restoration of muscle oxidative function. This presentation will discuss possible mechanisms underlying these effects and highlight the therapeutic potential of dietary nitrate supplementation for improving skeletal muscle energetics and functional capacity in conditions where muscle O2 delivery is compromised..
2. DIETARY NITRATE SUPPLEMENTATION IN HYPOXIA: EFFECTS ON COGNITIVE FUNCTION AND ACUTE MOUNTAIN SICKNESS.
SHANNON, O.M. / UNITED KINGDOM.
ABSTRACT:
Exposure to a hypoxic environment, such as that experienced on ascent to terrestrial altitude, decreases arterial oxygen saturation and cerebral oxygenation, with attendant negative effects on cognitive function. In addition, hypoxic exposure can result in a range of altitude-specific illnesses, specifically acute mountain sickness (AMS), high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE) and high-altitude cerebral edema (HACE). Cognitive dysfunction and altitude illness may both have negative functional consequences, alongside possible safety implications, for individuals exposed to a hypoxic environment. Therefore, strategies to ameliorate these conditions are highly sought after. Dietary nitrate – a supplement which has been demonstrated to augment nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, and elicit multifarious beneficial physiological effects in hypoxia has recently been proposed as a potential strategy to attenuate hypoxia-induced cognitive dysfunction and altitude illness. This presentation will examine the evidence for and against dietary nitrate supplementation as an aid to cognitive function and altitude illness in individuals exposed to hypoxia. Areas of ambiguity, practical recommendations, and potential future research questions will be discussed. This presentation has relevance to researchers interested in nitrate-based interventions, high-altitude physiologists, clinicians, practitioners, athletes, and the military..
3. EFFECTS OF DIETARY NITRATE ON EXERCISE PERFORMANCE IN CHRONIC HYPOXIA.
PORCELLI, S. / ITALY.
ABSTRACT:
In the last decade, several studies have demonstrated ergogenic effects of dietary nitrate supplementation in normoxia and acute hypoxia, suggesting that this supplementation may positive affect endurance performance by reducing O2 consumption (VO2) during moderate-intensity exercises and delaying the onset of fatigue during heavy/severe intensity exercises. Prolonged sojourns at altitude (chronic hypoxia), however, change nitric oxide bioavailability and may modulate the effects of dietary nitrate supplementation. Indeed, high altitude populations showed higher concentrations of nitric oxide (NO) compared to individuals living at sea level and NO production increases in lowlanders exposed to hypobaric hypoxia. Moreover, muscle metabolism is perturbed and VO2max is decreased at altitude, leading to a reduction in exercise time to exhaustion and impairment of time-trial performance. Thus, ergogenic effect of dietary nitrate may dampen the hypoxic-induced exercise intolerance and improve performance. The purpose of this presentation is to examine the effects of dietary nitrate supplementation on oxygen cost of exercise and exercise tolerance after several days of exposure to hypobaric hypoxia. This topic should draw the attention of people interested in high-altitude physiology as well as physicians working with patients characterized by chronic hypoxic conditions.

(IS-PM09) Imaging the future of elite sports with metabolic Magnetic Resonance innovations.
Date: 05.07.2019.
Lecture room: Congress Hall.
Time: 18:30 20:00.
Chair(s): WIM DERAVE GHENT UNIVERSITY / BELGIUM.
Speakers:
1. PROTON, PHOSPHOROUS, AND CARBON MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY TECHNIQUE (MRS) FOR MONITORING OF TRAINING AND PERFORMANCE IN ATHLETES.
TAKAHASHI, H. / JAPAN.
ABSTRACT:
INTRODUCTION:
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which can image various tissues of the human body using the principle of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), has not only been applied to the field of medicine but also to sports science. An additional highly useful application of NMR is magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Using this technique, it is possible to noninvasively detect and quantify chemical compounds in different tissues..
METHODS:
Proton (1H) MRS is the most widely used MRS technique given the highest natural abundance and the detection sensitivity of the 1H. It can be used to measure intramyocellular lipid, extramyocellular lipid, and carnosine concentrations in skeletal muscle. Using phosphorus (31P) MRS, it is possible to measure the contents of phosphorus compounds, such as phosphocreatine (PCr), adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and inorganic phosphate (Pi), and to calculate intracellular pH using the chemical shift difference between PCr and Pi. In addition, 31P MRS can be performed not only on individuals at rest but also during exercise, and allows to evaluate the aerobic capacity of the muscle by analyzing the kinetics of phosphorus compounds during exercise and recovery. Carbon (13C) MRS allows for the determination of muscle and liver glycogen (Gly) contents. However, implementation of 13C MRS is more difficult than the use of MRS with other nuclei because the natural abundance and detection sensitivity of 13C is considerably lower and there is a need for additional special hardware and software, thus limiting the sites in which it can be performed. We established a quantitative 13C MRS system and applied it to measure the Gly contents of the thigh, calf, and arm muscles in athletes..
2. NON-INVASIVE ASSESSMENT OF MUSCLE FIBER TYPOLOGY BY PROTON MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY IN ELITE ATHLETES.
DERAVE, W. / BELGIUM.
ABSTRACT:
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scanners become more and more affordable and they become widely available in sport science settings worldwide, such as in team sport clubs, national training centers, etc. Their potential applications reach way further than imaging of injuries alone. Non-invasive assessment of skeletal muscle metabolites has shown tremendous promise for application, but the techniques have long been limited to the use as mere research tools. Their actual application in real sport scientific support and guidance of elite athletes is emerging..
This lecture discusses the recent development, documentation and application spectrum of one such technique, the Muscle Talent Scan. We observed that non-invasive quantification of the muscle metabolite carnosine through proton MRS, can accurately estimate the muscle fiber type composition (i.e. the variable mixture of fast/white and slow/red fibers) without invasive muscle biopsies. This was validated through biopsy comparison, as well as through benchmarking in numerous elite athletes from various sport disciplines. The interindividual variation in both muscle carnosine and muscle fiber type composition is large and seems to be mainly genetically determined. The high intra-individual stability is documented through twin studies and longitudinal follow-up studies. It is anticipated that the ongoing research and valorization effort in this domain will soon lead to the adoption of these useful new methodologies in sport science practice..
3. THE APPLICATION OF MRS-BASED MEASUREMENTS FROM THE LAB TO THE POOL, TRACK, AND FIELD.
MINAHAN, C. / AUSTRALIA.
ABSTRACT:
This presentation will explore a series of ideas that use the application of MRS to understand the relationship of muscle fiber type with four determinants of performance: Participation (e.g., retention rates), Prediction (e.g., talent identification), Prevention (e.g., injury and illness risk), and Prescription (e.g., optimal training and recovery programs). Current projects will be presented including the muscle fiber type characterization of elite and world-class swimmers, the responses of well-trained middle-distance runners with heterogeneous muscle fiber types to varying training volumes, as well as the potential relationships between muscle fiber type and the injury risk profiles of elite Rugby League players. It is envisaged that the provision of individualized muscle fiber composition data to coaches and sports scientists will facilitate improved talent identification, personalized training and recovery programs, and injury prevention.

Use of pH buffers to improve performance during high intensity exercise Louise Burke.
Louise Burke discusses pH buffers, including sodium bicarbonate and beta-alanine, and their role in sports nutrition.
Expert Q&A recorded live at The Sports Nutrition Conference 2011, Majorca, Spain..
Full webinar with slides: http://goo.gl/z5IDE.
Full event details http://goo.gl/dJuZV

Overview of the ATP-PCr system for anatomy and physiology (no music version). Visit my site for a free A&P etext and more: http://www.drbruceforciea.com

In this video I discuss the 3 energy systems in the body, atp energy, aerobic energy, anaerobic energy, adenosine triphosphate, creatine phosphate and ways to train the energy systems in the body..
The Body’s Energy Systems.
Energy is needed to produce physical movement, maintain body temperature and keep up with all the metabolic activities in the body..
In our bodies, all physical movement relies on the compound adenosine triphosphate, or ATP. Atp is stored in the muscles, so it is immediately available to produce movement. However, storage of ATP in the muscles is limited. So, any movement that lasts longer than a few seconds requires more ATP to be produced..
Our bodies have 3 energy systems that can produce ATP energy, the ATP-PCr system, the glycolytic system, or lactic acid system, and the Oxidative system. The first 2 systems are anaerobic systems, meaning oxygen is not required to produce ATP, and the Oxidative system is aerobic, because oxygen is needed for ATP production..
The atp-pcr system is based on movements lasting about 10 seconds or less, such as strength power movements like a golf swing, jumps, throwing, or racket serves. These types of quick burst movements can be done with ATP that is stored in the muscles..
During Short, Sustained power movements, or any quick bursts such as short sprint, ATP will provide the energy alone for the first few seconds, with a compound called creatine phosphate, or PCr, buffering the ATP for another few seconds..
Like ATP, the amount of Pcr is limited, so this system can provide energy for movements up to about 15 seconds in total. This energy system produces ATP very quickly, but not over a long duration..
Next, energy demands shift to the glycolytic system. This system relies on the rapid breakdown of carbohydrates. Glucose, which is one of the most basic forms of carbohydrates, is constantly circulating in the bloodstream. Glycogen is a stored form of glucose in the muscles and liver..
This blood glucose or glycogen is broken down to create ATP through a process called glycolysis. During this energy supply process, a substance called lactate is formed, and hydrogen ions are released. It is believed that the accumulation of these hydrogen ions in the muscle causes the muscle to become more acidic, contributing to fatigue and a burning sensation..
Exercises that are performed at maximum rates for between 1 and 2 minutes, such as a 200 yard dash, depend heavily upon the lactic acid system for ATP energy. This energy system produces ATP very quickly, but again, not over a long duration..
The oxidative system involves the use of oxygen. Through 2 complex metabolic processes, the Krebs cycle or citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain, ATP is produced. This energy system, with all of its processes can’t produce ATP nearly as quickly as the first 2 systems; however, this system can produce ATP for a much longer duration..
This system can use carbs, fats, or if necessary, even protein, however, fats and proteins have to be broken down, so when the system uses them, the process becomes longer. This system is used for longer duration activities, such as a bike ride, or long run..
The chart on the screen shows an estimate of the % of energy used from each system along with time plotted at the top, you can see the atp cp system dominates at the beginning, then glycolysis becomes the dominate energy provider, and then energy really relies on the oxygen system..
Here are two other charts; the one on the left shows an estimated rate of ATP production per second for each system. It shows the rate for carbs and fats for the oxygen system. You can see how much more rapidly the ATP pcr and glycolysis systems are at ATP production..
On the left is a chart showing the aerobic ATP production for trained and untrained people, showing the benefits of well trained persons, as they don’t run out of energy easily..
Each of these systems can be trained to be more productive. By changing your workout routines, doing explosive moves like box jumps you can improve system 1. By doing circuit routines, going from one exercise to the next with little to no rest in between and using lighter weights you can train system 2. And, by doing a 20 to 30 minute cardio session of low to moderate intensity, like walking, jogging or biking, you can improve system 3..
Its good practice to train all 3 systems, by altering your workout routines. The body is amazing, and it adapts very quickly. Changing up routines also provides mental stimulation, which helps overall health, and can help people stay motivated to workout regularly. Remember this folks, hit your body as differently as possible, as often as possible.

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